Renewable Energy Through Feed On Tariffs And Taxes

Introduction In recent years, more has been debated on whether or not nonrenewable energy such as fossil fuel has caused global warming. Sakamoto and Managi (2016) believe fossil fuel is the likely reason that temperatures have been rising from greenhouse gases, increasing the CO2 emissions (p. 1). With depleting resources, it may be a good idea to look more seriously at renewable energy (Sakamoto Managi, 2016, p. 16). More governments have been trying to create policies to encourage usage of renewable energy. However, it has been debated what is the best way to enforce renewable energy. In this paper, I will discuss two ways countries have been encouraging renewable energy through feed-in tariffs and taxes. Body Sakamoto and†¦show more content†¦14). An increase in marginal cost of nonrenewable resources will drive more consumers to renewable resources. On the other hand, a tax on nonrenewable energy does not have the same effect. Sakamoto and Managi (2016) discovered: â€Å"The introduction of the tax on the nonrenewable energy sector leads to the reduction of nonrenewable energy use and an acceleration of renewable energy use, but the acceleration is not enough to keep the pre-tax level of production†¦ because the marginal cost of renewable energy is high as renewable energy use increases† (p. 15). A tax on nonrenewable energy leads to an increase in marginal cost of renewable energy. Less consumers were interested in buying when prices on renewable energy rose. Another way governments have been trying to implement renewable energy is through feed-in tariffs. Feed-in tariffs usually consist of some type of purchase obligation and also a tariff payment on renewable energy that is fixed for every unit of electricity (Jacobs, 2012, p. 43). The grid operator involved in the purchase obligation must buy the renewable electricity no matter what (Jacobs, 2012, p. 43). The producer has the right to a certain amount of money for every unit of electricity that they produce (Jacobs, 2012, p. 43). Jacobs (2012) conducted studies in Europe in the countries of Germany, Spain, and France that use feed-in

SocialTechnology Analysis of Revlon Free Essays

Issues that may impact the industry include consumers’ concerns about product safety and the use of animal testing by cosmetics companies[1]. In 1990, cosmetics giant Revlon became one of the first industry heavyweights to swear off all animal testing. Since then, Revlon has grown to be an animal-friendly empire, garnering awards for its products from magazines such as Cosmopolitan, Teen People, Allure, and In Style[2]. We will write a custom essay sample on SocialTechnology Analysis of Revlon or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is a signal that Revlon has an awareness of social responsibility and also showed their concerns about natural environment. Besides, with the income increasing, modern people are more willing to purchase personal care products and cosmetics for themselves. The age range of consumers is developing to both younger and elder. These trends are obviously seen especially in some developing countries and areas. Since the majority of personal care products are currently sold in the United States, Japan, Canada, and European countries(less than 20%of worlds population), the potential for sales of personal care products around the world is excellent. Increasingly, cosmetics/personal care is not an industry for women only; men purchase personal care products such as skin creams and hair care products/dyes and many men are trying cosmetics in an effort to improve their appearance. The market for hair colouring has expanded with teenagers and adults wanting more vibrant colouring options[3]. Revlon also shows its social responsibility according to charities. There are the most recent examples which are significant. Through November 2008, Revlon donated a percentage of their profits to the Rainbow Trust children’s charity. Another one is announced in May of 2009. Revlon said it would donate 10% of sales (up to $100,000) of its new color collection to fund women`s cancer program in partnership with the EIF, which full name is Entertainment Industry Foundation. How to cite SocialTechnology Analysis of Revlon, Essay examples

Working Capital Management Profitability -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Working Capital Management Profitability? Answer: Introducation Woodside Petroleum Ltd is linked with petroleum exploration and production, which is used in Australia. The company comes under Oil and Gas industry, while they deal in producing petroleum products. Petroleum and LNG are the key product that is produced by Woodside Petroleum Ltd, which is allowed them to accumulate profits over the past fiscal years (Woodside.com.au 2018). From the valuation of company's operations relevant opportunity and threats could be identified, which might affect its revenue generation capacity. The major opportunity for your organization is the rising demand for Petroleum products around the world. Majority of the manufacturing, production houses, and vehicles uses petroleum products, which is an adequate opportunity for the company to improve its profitability in future. This rising trend of using petroleum product has allowed majority of the oil producing companies to increase their revenue to support future oil exploration projects. However, certain threats are also identified from the evaluation,which could hamper profitability of the organization in immediate future.Threats from substitute is a major problem for oil producing companies, where thermal power and solar energy are replacing maximum of the sales conducted by oil producing companies. The second threat for Oil and Gas companies is the declining value of crude oil in the market, which is reducing actual revenue collection of Oil and Gas organization. The constant decline in value of oil in the world market is threatening oil and gas companys existence, which is a major threat to Woodside Petroleum Ltd revenue. Both the threats identified would directly affect revenue generation capacity of Woodside petroleum Limited and increase their expenditure. On the other hand, Atil, Lahiani and Nguyen (2014) argued that due to the reduced prices of crude oil products the increment in substitute demand is declining, which is relatively a positive action for oil a nd gas companies. Calculating cash conversion cycle and comparing it with previous year and industry peer: Particulars 2016 2015 2014 Net sales 4075 5030 7435 Cost of goods sold 2234 3073 2883 Inventory 149 170 247 Accounts receivable 446 489 478 Accounts payable 546 813 605 Days inventory Outstanding 26.06 24.76 Days receivable outstanding 41.87 35.08 Days payable outstanding 111.02 84.21 Cash conversion cycle -43.09 -24.36 From the evaluation of above table, cash conversion cycle of Woodside petroleum cans be identified, which is relatively declining in 2016, as compared to 2015. This is due to declining sales, which was conducted during 2016. In comparison to its peers the cash conversion cycle is relatively depraved, leaving BHP Billiton. This indicates low financial position of the organisation and depraved cash availability to support its operational activities. Nobanee (2014) stated that with the help of cash conversion cycle investors can detect cash availability of an organization, which allows them to meet at a good investment decision. Improvement in Woodside petroleum cash conversion is needed or problems may arise in conducing daily operations. Stating example of short term debt financing instrument and long-term debt financing instrument, while depicting whether the company has used debt financing in 2016: Example of short term debt financing is short term bank loan, which is accumulated by companies to support their obligations. in addition, long term debt financing example is bond issue, which is conducted by companies to expand its process and increase their production capability. From the evaluation of both C2 and C3 notes, the company has used long term debt financing to support its operational activities. The increment in bonds and debt facilities from 2015 to 2016 is an indication that the company has acquired capital for improving its operation. On the other hand, Huang, Ritter and Zhang (2016) argued that increase debt accumulation could eventually lead to insolvency, which might hamper operational capability of an organization and force them to liquidate. Conniving bond price for 6/12/2018: Particulars Value Face Value $ 100 Coupon Rate p.a. 2.25% Half Year Coupon Rate 1.13% Coupon Payment 1.13 Yield Rate 2.62% Half Yearly Yield Rate 1.31% Total Period 6 No. of Coupon Payments 12 Market Price of Bonds $ 97.96 Evaluating the bond price with calculated figure and mentioned figure, while detecting the reason behind its selling at par: The calculation conducted in the above table mainly stated market bond value of Royal Dutch Shell, which is at the levels of $97.96. on the other hand, the value identified in the figure provided in the assessment is $98.00. this irrelevant decline of the bond value is due to the change in yield rate. the coupon payment is fixed for the bond, while interest rate varies from time to time. This increment in interest rate from coupon rate mainly reduces value of the bond, which is seen for Royal Dutch Shell bonds. Hence, further increment in interest rate could force the bond to sell at par value, which is seen currently for Royal Dutch Shell bonds. According to Ballotta. and Kyriakou (2015), bond valuation allows investors to detect market value of an existing Bond and make relevant investments to support their return requirements. Portraying share price of Shell in euros: Particulars Value Current share price in Euro 28.93 EUR to USD $ 1.22 Market return 9.00% Risk free rate 1.25% Annual dividend in USD $ 1.41 Annual dividend in Euro 1.15 Growth rate 5.00% Cost of capital 7.75% Current Share price in Euro (1.15*(1+5%))/(7.75%-5%) Current Share price in Euro 44.06 The above calculation mainly helps in identifying theoretical share value of Royal Dutch Shell, which could allow investors in making adequate investment decisions. Furthermore, the current price level of the organization is mainly at 28.93, while the theoretical share price is at 44.06. This indicates that more growth in share value of the organization can be achieved in future, which would allow investors to increase the return from investment. Hence, buying shares of Royal Dutch Shell is adequate, which would allow investors to improve their capital growth. Lazzati and Menichini (2015) mentioned that by using dividend discount model investors can detect investment opportunities, which might increase their return from investments and raise their portfolio value. On the other hand, D'Amico (2016) dividend discount model mainly utilizes one factor for determining actual share value of an organization, which can be manipulated by organizations. Portraying Net present value of the project at WACC 8.00%: From the valuation of 5.94% and 8% WACC, Adequate cost of capital for the organization is identified. The NPV provided from 5.94% WACC was relatively at the levels of 3,109,533,659, which is high and provides the company with adequate returns. However, the WACC of 8% mainly indicates a negative value of -1,800,863,909, while stating the loss portrayed from the project. Hence, with 5.94% WACC the gas project is viable, while with 8% WACC the project is not viable for Royal Dutch Shell. With the use of net present value organizations can detect actual viability of the project and understand the returns that could be provided from their investment (Lokman et al. 2017). However, certain projects due to no cash inflow are not able to support time value of money, which could directly affect company's ability to increase firm value. Currently, the WACC of 5.94% is providing a positive net present value for Royal Dutch Shell, which is a positive indication for the company. On the other hand, the WACC of 8% is portraying a negative valuation for the project, which indicates that cash flow of the project is not supporting time value of money. Reference Atil, A., Lahiani, A. and Nguyen, D.K., 2014. Asymmetric and nonlinear pass-through of crude oil prices to gasoline and natural gas prices.Energy Policy,65, pp.567-573. Ballotta, L. and Kyriakou, I., 2015. Convertible bond valuation in a jump diffusion setting with stochastic interest rates.Quantitative Finance,15(1), pp.115-129. D'Amico, G., 2016. Generalized semi-Markovian dividend discount model: risk and return.arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.02472. Eliasson, J. and Brjesson, M., 2014. On timetable assumptions in railway investment appraisal.Transport Policy,36, pp.118-126. Florou, A. and Kosi, U., 2015. Does mandatory IFRS adoption facilitate debt financing?.Review of Accounting Studies,20(4), pp.1407-1456. Huang, R., Ritter, J.R. and Zhang, D., 2016. Private equity firms reputational concerns and the costs of debt financing.Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis,51(1), pp.29-54. Lazzati, N. and Menichini, A.A., 2015. A dynamic approach to the dividend discount model.Review of Pacific Basin Financial Markets and Policies,18(03), p.1550018. Lokman, S., Volker, D., Zijlstra-Vlasveld, M.C., Brouwers, E.P., Boon, B., Beekman, A.T., Smit, F. and Van der Feltz-Cornelis, C.M., 2017. Return-to-work intervention versus usual care for sick-listed employees: health-economic investment appraisal alongside a cluster randomised trial.BMJ open,7(10), p.e016348. Nobanee, H., 2014. Working capital management and firm's profitability: an optimal cash conversion cycle.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. March (120), pp.13-22. Woodside.com.au. (2018).Woodside Energy | Home. [online] Available at: https://www.woodside.com.au/Pages/home.aspx [Accessed 20 Jan. 2018]. Yazdanfar, D. and hman, P., 2014. The impact of cash conversion cycle on firm profitability: an empirical study based on Swedish data.International Journal of Managerial Finance,10(4), pp.442-452.